Intersectionality in Third-wave Feminism

Intersectionality in Third-wave Feminism Intersectionality as the Main Concept of Third-wave Feminism Third-wave feminism which follows Second-wave of Feminist movement began in the 1990s with the mixture of disgruntled, and unsure feminists, and feminists born into the world where feminism had already existed. The movement of third-wave feminism has a little focus on laws or political processes, but more on a person’s identity. This wave of feminism is the most diverse and individualistic feminist wave society have ever seen. It is considered to be a worldwide feminist wave because its main idea is to show the world that women are of many colors, religions, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds. First two waves of feminism have made so many changes in different aspects of our life. Besides the right to vote, the right to get an education, and the right to work, women, who lived during third wave of feminist, required to change the stereotypes and language that was used to describe a woman. Third-wave feminists had a desire to challenge or avoid the assumption that there is a universal female identity and over-emphasizing of the experience of the upper-middle class white women. What is most important is that the roots of Intersectional Feminism were born together with third-wave feminism. â€Å"Intersectional feminism is much more than the Feminism itself because it is an understanding of how women’s overlapping identities- including race, class ethnicity, and sexual orientation- impact the way they experience oppression and discrimination.† (Dastagir) Rebecca Solnit is an author of the book ‘Men explain things to me’ who touches the problem of marginalizing women by silencing them and talks about consequences that can lead female because of this issue. She ends on a serious note- because the ultimate problem is the silencing of women who have something to say, including those saying things like, â€Å"He’s trying to kill me!† (Solnit) Rebecca Solnit states that â€Å"men explain things to me, and other women, whether or not they know what they’re talking about.† It is a presumption that makes it hard, at times, for any woman in any field: that keeps women from speaking up and from being heard when they dare; that crushes young women into silence by indicating, the way harassment on the street does, that this is not their world. â€Å"It trains us in self-doubt and self-limitation just as it exercises men’s unsupported overconfidence.† (Solnit) Violence is one way to silence pe ople, to deny their voice and their credibility, to assert women’s right to control over their right to exist. Rebecca Solnit says that things gotten better today compared to what was happening 30 years ago. â€Å"This war won’t end in my lifetime. I am still fighting it, for myself certainly, but also for all those younger women who have something to say, in the hope that they will get to say it.† (Solnit) Third Wave feminism is a feminist wave that attends to deal with race, racism, and the experience of nonwhite women who do not free equal in our society. Intersectionality, therefore, has an intense focus on identity and particularly on racial and ethnic identity. The common positions are â€Å"We are here for women of color, trans people, lesbian, gay and bi people and the differently abled† and â€Å"Listen to women, listen to people of color.† (Pluckrose)A big issue is that intersectionality becomes inaccessible to even more people. As Mariana Ortega mentions in her article â€Å"White Feminism and Women of Color† the list of respected women of color is so short. In her essay, she tries to figure out the reason of intersectionality, asking so many questions, such as â€Å"Why is it that feminists still scramble to fill out the spot for the respected, well-known woman-of-color, speaker that will bring in a crowd? Why is it that there is only a small percentage of books and articles written by women of color in the growing lists of feminist publications? Why is it that I or any of the few women of color who are involved in feminist work could write lists of all the experiences that make us invisible, misunderstood, homogenized, and victimized while dealing with white feminists.† (Ortega) Women of color are marginalized in many ways and different aspects. To be intersectional is to focus on many different categories of marginalized identity at once, be convinced that they are marginalized and be concerned about them all. To expand this statement more, â€Å"marginalize† means to push people to the edge of the society not allowing them a place within it. A society that labels an outside the norm- weird, scary, hateful, or useless- marginalize those people, edging them out. Women of color are great example of marginalized people who are pushed away from the rest of society, are oppressed, and discriminated just because of their color, race, religion, and other factors. White Feminism is used to describe the feminist movement that only focuses on white and straight women. Usually, their fight focuses on rape culture, equal pay, and diminishing patriarchy. White feminists have reached success in different aspects for white women, but what about women of color? It is still problematic because white feminists refuse to accept women of color, women with disabilities, and women who are not in a good body form. As a matter of fact, they used to ignore their issues and their identities as well. Although they are trying to close the wage gap between men and women, they do not recognize that Latina and Black women earn even less than white women do. Gloria Steinem is a famous American Feminist, who became nationally recognized as a leader and a spokeswoman for the feminist movement in the late 1960s. Steinem does not recognize such thing as â€Å"White Feminism†. She was adamant about the fact that â€Å"white feminism† as a term has no discourse about gender inequality. (Zarya) As Steinem mentioned in one of her interviews, â€Å"there is no such thing as white feminism. If you call it white, it’s not feminism. It either includes all women, or it’s not feminism†, she said. (Zarya) We are not allowed to forget that basically black women were the major force of the feminist movement, particularly during the 1970s. For this reason, and many others, white feminism has no place in current society and should be eliminated as soon as possible. In the face of calls for a more intersectional feminism, there are even White feminists who claim the whole concept of intersectionality is just academic jargon that doesn’t connect with the real world. Many people do not really understand what is â€Å"White Feminism†.   Everyday feminism Magazine defines â€Å"White Feminism† as a set of beliefs that allows for the exclusion of issues that specifically affect women of color. It is ‘one size-fits all’ feminism, where middle class White women are the mold that others must fit. It is a method of practicing feminism, not an indictment of every individual White feminism, everywhere, always.† (Uwujaren) White Feminism marginalize women of color that causes them to variety of negative effects. For example, White Feminism refuses to give feminists of color an ability to discuss their biggest issue, such as racial inequality which relates to gender inequality. It keeps reminding society that beauty standard in our culture is to be thin, blonde, and white. In addition of excluding women of color, it excludes women who are not straight or well-built as well.   White Feminists are also known as women of privilege in our society. Big issue is that sometimes they don’t even realize that they are excluding other marginalized groups. This is not an excuse for their behavior. Everyone should agree that it is a chance for women of color to honestly tell feminists of privilege how their lack of self-awareness affects other women, such as Black or Latin women. Existing problem could be changed by helping each other to recognize that women of different races, sexual orientations, and economic class experience gender inequality differently. People should be recognized and acknowledged according to their skills, knowledges, contributions, and talents, not according to their sex, skin color, or appearance. Everyone can become a better feminist if he will change this point in his head and mind. Maria Lugones is an Argentine feminist philosopher, also an author of Peregrinajes/Pilgrimages: Theorizing Coalition Against Multiple Oppressions book where she is taking readers through her understanding of white/Angla feminist theories, and is trying to answer the question: What is the â€Å"problem of difference† between white women and women of color, and how does the â€Å"problem of difference† affect non-white female? Lugones states that â€Å"women of color always knew that white women and women of color were different; white women all knew that they were different from women of color. White women never considered the difference important, because they did not really notice us.† (Lugones) White women used to simple and straightforwardly ignore the difference. But U.S. women of color heard and uttered an attack on white racism. Racist feminism does not see the violence done to women of color by denying that they are women. In her essay, Lugones compares women of color to the beings with a peculiar lack of substance or lack of credibility, or too frightening and intimidating, too dramatic, with too much or too little authority: all out of proportion, not fully real. (Lungones) Third wave feminism respects not only differences between women based on race, color, religion, and economic standing, but also makes allowance for different identities within a single person. Third-wave feminism responds to the â€Å"category of women† debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s that began with a critique of the second wave contention that women share something in common as women: a common gender identity and set of experiences. The concept of â€Å"woman† and â€Å"experiences† are closely connected within the second and, along with personal politics, form the three core concepts of that movement. Third-wave feminists rightly reject the universalist claim that all women share a set of common experiences, but they do not discard the concept of experience altogether. Women still look to personal experiences to provide knowledge about how the world operates and trouble dominant narratives about how things should be.   Many third-wave stories striv e to demonstrate the gaps between dominant discourses and the reality of women’s lives. Some third-wavers use their own experiences growing up in interracial or multicultural families to illustrate how the politics of race, class, and gender play out in people’s lives. For example, Cristina Tzintzu’n writes, â€Å"I worry about dating whites, especially white men†¦I see what a white man did to my beautiful, brown, Mexican mother. He colonized her.† (Snyder) What Snyder states in his essay has direct connection with Rebecca Solnit’s book which also raises the problem of marginalized women and men’s unfair attitude to women. Both first and second-wave feminists have made huge contributions to the history of feminist movement but for third-wavers there were still lots of things to do and improve. Even though many laws were designed to protect women from rape, sexual harassment, gender discrimination, wage disparity, domestic violence, and other atrocities, women were still marginalized in the way of silencing. The ultimate problem that was present during third-wave feminism is silencing of women who have something to say. Women’s voices are as multiple and diverse as our cultural and personal histories, the meaning of silence- being unwilling or unable to speak- can be seen as the complex of issues for women that results in different negative concepts. Anthropologist Susan Gal points out that women’s historians, similarly, have justified their work on the basis of recapturing the â€Å"silence† past: In this writing, silence is generally deplored† as â€Å"a symbol of passivity and powerlessness: those who are denied speech cannot make their experience known and thus cannot influence the course of their lives or history.† (Mahoney) Feeling unable or unwilling to speak, and feeling bad about it, conveys the expectation that silence is the sign of inauthenticity, of failure to be a â€Å"real†. Work Cited  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dastagir, Alai E. What Is Intersectional Feminism?  USA Today  19 Jan. 2017: n. pag.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Web. 26 Apr. 2017. Lugones, Maria. On the Logic of Pluralist Feminism. Pilgrimages/Peregrinajes: Theorizing Coalition Against Multiple Oppressions. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. 65-75. Print. Mahoney, Maureen A. â€Å"The Problem of Silence in Feminist Psychology.† The Problem of Silence in Feminist Psychology 22 (1996): 603-625. Feminist Studies, Inc., 1996. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Otrega, Mariana. â€Å"Being Lovingly, Knowingly Ignorant: White Feminism and Women of Color.† Project Muse (2006): 56-74. Indiana University Press, 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Pluckrose, Helen. â€Å"The Problem with Intersectional Feminism.† Areo Magazine. N.p., 15 Feb. 2017. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Snyder, R. Claire. â€Å"What Is Third-Wave Feminism.† Chicago Journal 31 (n.d.): 175-196. The University of Chicago Press, 2008. Web 15 Apr. 2017. Solnit, Rebecca. Men Explain Things to Me. Men Explain Things to Me. Canada: Publishers Group, 2014. 1-14. Print Uwujaren, Jarune. â€Å"Why Our Feminism Must Be Intersectional.† Everyday Feminism. N.p., 11 Jan. 2015. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Zarya, Valentina. Most Powerful Women. Fortune. Valentina Zarya, 10 Mar. 2017. Web. 26 Apr. 2017.

Biomedical Ethics Essay

Alan Goldman’s piece, ‘A Refutation of Medical Paternalism’, contains an argument for why medical paternalism is wrong. Goldman argues from the idea of ‘The Relativity of Value.’ Explain this particular argument and show how it is an argument against medical paternalism (be sure to first define what medical paternalism is). Do you think this argument is correct? Why or why not? In biomedical ethics, the concept of patient autonomy versus is a huge consideration. This autonomy is often contrasted with what is called medical paternalism. Medical paternalism refers to physicians acting in regards to what they feel is best for the patient without much regard to the patient’s true wishes. It is the intervention of an individual’s right of action justified by reasons referring to the welfare and/or interest of that individual. While medical paternalism may be seen as positive, many refute it. In Goldman’s paper, â€Å"A Refutation of Medical Paternalism,† he talks about why medical paternalism is wrong. Goldman refutes medical paternalism by introducing various arguments that support his case. One aspect of his argument lies in the following claim regarding the relativity of values: â€Å"The fundamental faulty premise in the argument for paternalistic role differentiation for doctors is that which assumes that health or prolonged life must take absolute priority in the patient’s value orderings† (67). Goldman states that in reality, individuals do not consistently act in order to minimize loss of life although the long-term preference is to live long. If individuals did prioritize minimum loss of life constantly, all efforts would be strictly directed towards health-related areas. This is not the case, for â€Å"to realize or preserve those values that give meaning to life is worth the risk of life itself† (68). Therefore, Goldman states that it is illogical for a doctor to determine what is best for the patient when such doctor cannot speak for what the patien t’s set of values and priorities. While a doctor believes health is number one in priority, the individual may not always hold health as number one at all times. The second aspect to Goldman’s argument is centered on the value of self-determination. He argues that, as stated before, a doctor cannot truly know the true interests of his patient, and at  times, the patient may or may not even know his or her own interests. Because of this uncertainty, the doctor is less likely than the patient to make the right decision. â€Å"We value the exercise of free choice itself in personally important decisions, no matter what the effects of those decisions upon other satisfactions† (70). When choices are important to our lives, we like to know we have the ability to have some control over them. When a doctor holds the reigns of a patient’s well being without the patient’s say, it is hard to say that the decision made is fair. I personally concur with Goldman and the arguments he presents. I can se e both sides to the argument; I can see why medical paternalism can be beneficial in some cases, but I can see why overall it is a basic intervening of an individual’s autonomy. In the defense of medical paternalism, one can argue that it is expected of the medical practitioner to do what is best for his or her patient. However, as Goldman states, what does the practitioner know of what is best for a patient? For example, a patient may be in need for a blood transfusion. Yet if the patient happens to be a follower of the Jehovah’s Witness, the physician can’t possibly force the patient to take the transfusion, for it directly goes against the patient’s beliefs. I believe that although doctors may medically have an idea as to what is best for an individual, what is important is for the individual to comply, for it is his or her body that is being affected.

The Essentials of Writing a Persuasive Essay You Will be Able to Learn From Starting Today

The Essentials of Writing a Persuasive Essay You Will be Able to Learn From Starting Today Making the completion of private finance coursework a requirement for graduation would make sure that young people today are at least aware of the fundamentals of keeping up a financial stability. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting a great topic is essential. The value of research in persuasive writing may not be overstated. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. There are not any steadfast rules that you want to adhere to as you write. Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. You should incorporate an individual phrase for every one of your topics of assessment. You've got to find a subject. Getting the Best Writing a Persuasive Essay There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If you're writing a research paper, the first thing you need to do is show evidence that you have done. Having found the side that you're standing for, you want to ensure you fully grasp the viewpoint of the opposite side. You are able to purchase a very good medical cover and pay for the very best treatment but can't guarantee decent health. If there's absolutely no disagreement concerning a subject, there is not any point in writing a persuasive essay. Matters to accomplish with healthiness and medicines provide useful arguments since they could be contradicting. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Rumors, Deception and Writing a Persuasive Essay Essay writing is often practiced is schools. In many instances, persuasive essays are among the most well-known varieties of work that high school students prefer. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. You want to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. A Startling Fact about Writing a Persuasive Essay Uncovered Clearly, you shouldn't purposely select a topic that will bore your audience. After a time, the individual gets bored and looks for different things. If you decide to work on a financial subject, you must know more about the subject. Qualities of a very good persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. The multiple topics might be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Whichever topic you select, always don't forget the significance of literature sources. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you can want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. There's something which might help you compose an amazing college essay read an on our website. You could be given the topic straight away by your professor, or perhaps you be free to select the topic yourself. Feel free to pick a topic which you will delight in writing about and not just one which you think will please your professor. You still have to make an outstanding bit of writing. The introduction is key once you compose an essay since it provides the audience a glimpse into the matter, and gives the writer with a chance to state the thesis of the total essay. Importantly, you ought to think about how to compose argumentative essay introduction and help it become effective. As soon as your writing is finished, make certain to have an editor review your essay for you. As any guide about how to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Writing a Persuasive Essay Persuasive writing can be challenging, particularly when you're made to face with a close-minded audience. Don't be afraid to speak to us, our speech writing team may provide you with a hand and earn everything a whole lot simpler! The very first key part of a persuasive essay is the position, that's the belief of the author about which side is stronger. The target of a persuasive essay is to convince your readers your viewpoi nt is the correct viewpoint.

The Power Of Love By Harry Potter - 1724 Words

The power of love in Harry Potter is unlike any other. So much so that it is an overwhelmingly significant and recurring theme throughout the entire series. From the self-sacrificial love of Lily Potter to the loving mother Molly Weasley to the unrequited love of Severus Snape. There is also the misunderstanding, or the absence, of love; which is equally as important in the novels. Especially since it was the main difference between Voldemort and Harry that was incredibly essential to the storyline. So essential that J.K. Rowling went out of the way to tell us about it in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone when Dumbledore said, â€Å"if there is one thing Voldemort cannot understand, it is love† (229, SS). The concept of love is woven so inextricably within the very fabric of the novels, that it continues to challenge the reader all the way until the very end. One of the widely known main principles of magic is its inability to create real, true love. Which is why fictional characters have been known to dabble with one of the darker aspects of love in novels: love potions. They do exactly what is expected, which is to make the victim become obsessed and completely infatuated with the intended target for a certain amount of time. All while being completely unaware of such actions. The idea of being able to control someone that you can’t have with love is an alluring concept for many. It’s clear that the wizarding world’s love potions are the equivalent to date-rape drugs, whereShow MoreRelatedHarry Potter vs. Edward Cullen Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesno one had heard of Harry Potter,† a title of an article published in the 2007 edition of the Chicago tribune. It attempted to describe the Harry Potter phenomenon. However, if written now it would be â€Å"There was a time when no one had heard of Harry Potter and Edward Cullen† the Twilight series has sparked a phenomenon equal to the Harry Potter series. 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